Perimenopause and Menopause Essentials

Perimenopause marks the transition toward the final menstrual period, often with irregular cycles and vasomotor symptoms. Menopause is clinically defined after twelve months without menstruation.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause includes dryness, irritation, and urinary urgency that respond to local estrogen or moisturizers in many cases.

Systemic hormone therapy remains an option for healthy candidates with moderate to severe symptoms after individualized risk assessment. Non-hormonal medications and cognitive behavioral strategies also help hot flashes.

Bone density, cardiovascular risk, and mood changes deserve holistic follow-up. Lifestyle—strength training, calcium, vitamin D, and smoking cessation—supports long-term health.